In our present study, we explored how newer (i.e., first‐ and second‐generation immigrants) and more established community members form multiple positive psychological sense of community (PSOC) with one another. CONTRIBUTION Overall, our study contributes to knowledge of displaced migrants, providing detailed empirical evidence on migrants' trajectories.Ĭommunity psychology is central to understanding how immigrants and more established residents of their new settings join together to develop a shared sense of community and membership. They show that a huge number of migrants leave the centre voluntarily. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a better understanding of migrants' trajectories from a reception centre in Italy. There are substantial differences in outflows between groups of countries, in both the timing and reasons for departure. RESULTS We find large variation in migrant inflows, with peaks associated with political crises and wars in certain countries. METHODS Using 2008-2014 data from a reception centre for refugees and asylum seekers located in Calabria (Italy), we use survival analysis tools to explore the timing and reasons for departure from the centre. OBJECTIVE This paper investigates the trajectories of migrants from their entry into a refugee centre to their departure, with evidence on the timing of the departure decision. Italy plays a central role as a receiving country, particularly because of its relative proximity to the coast of North Africa. The only exception is data on language of ethno-linguistic historical minorities.īACKGROUND In recent years, large numbers of migrants have attempted to reach Europe by crossing the Mediterranean Sea. Data on religion and language is not collected in the Census. Therefore, in the Italian census, race and ethnicity are identified with proxies: citizenship, place of birth, former citizenship for Italians and citizenship of parents (the latter since the last Census of 2011). Ethno-racial statistics are not permitted in Italy, apart from the specific case of those historic ethno-linguistic minorities guaranteed by the Constitution and law. According to the last population Census, the most numerous are the “Sardo”, a language spoken for the most part by inhabitants of the Sardinia islands (over one million), the “German” (about 350,000), the “Slovenian” (about 60,000) and the “French” (about 70,000). The term ethnic is therefore not used in the Constitution for the obvious above-mentioned reasons. In addition, Article 6 recognizes and protects historic linguistic minorities.

The Italian Constitution, not only guarantees equality of citizens but also establishes a “positive clause” (Article 3.2) in order to “remove those obstacles of economic or social nature which constrain the freedom of equality of citizens”. Nevertheless, race is mentioned in Article 3 of the Italian Constitution, where equality of citizens is stated. In the post-WWII period, discourses about race and ethnicity (“razza” in Italian) became a taboo. Italy is among the countries with a “colour-blind” approach: during Fascism, the 1938 race Italian legislation, openly discriminated against Jews and Roma.

Istat americas 2022